Soil carbon dynamic characteristics of coal gangue-filled reclaimed cropland and forest land under time series

In order to clarify the intrinsic mechanism between soil quality and soil carbon cycling after reclamation and to reveal the characteristic patterns of carbon dynamics of reclaimed soils under time series, the cultivated soils of 3, 6, 9 and 12 a reclaimed Dongtan mine area in Zoucheng, Shandong Province and the forested soils of 3 a and 12 a reclaimed were selected for this study, and the normal cultivated and forested soils within the mine area that were not affected by the collapse were used as controls. Soil carbon dynamics characteristics of reclaimed reconstructed soils under two different utilization methods of cropland and forest land under time series and its correlation relationship with soil physicochemical properties were investigated by field sampling and testing soil total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), soil organic carbon (SOC), soil microbial quantity carbon (MBC) and soil physicochemical properties (pH, AN, AP).The results of the study showed that the soil organic carbon content of both cultivated land and forest land after reclamation increased gradually with the increase of reclamation time, and compared with the cultivated land and forest land after reclamation for 3 a and 12 a, the soil organic carbon content of cultivated land at all soil depths was higher than that of forest land soil at the corresponding depths; the organic carbon content of cultivated land soil 0-20 cm after reclamation for 12 a was not significantly different from that of the control, and the forest land soil 40-60 cm after reclamation for 12 a could reach the control level. The organic carbon content of 40-60 cm of forest soils reclaimed for 12 a was not significantly different from that of the control. The total carbon content of both cropland and forest soils was higher than the control at all reclamation years, which was related to the higher proportion of soil inorganic carbon content in the reclaimed soils.The soil microbial carbon content of cultivated soils was significantly higher than that of forested soils in the same reclamation period, and the rate of increase was faster; the soil microbial carbon content of cultivated soils was no longer significantly different from that of the control at 9 a of reclamation, while the soil microbial carbon content of cultivated soils reached 362.59 mg/kg at 12 a of reclamation, which was significantly higher than that of the control. The soil microbial carbon content of the forest land was 110.94 mg/kg, which was still significantly lower than that of the control. The trends of soil microbial entropy of cultivated land and its soil microbial carbon content after reclamation were similar, both showing a gradual increase.The microbial entropy of cultivated soils at 6, 9 and 12 a of reclamation were significantly higher than the control; the microbial entropy of forest soils at 3 a and 12 a of reclamation were significantly lower than the control. Reclamation soil SOC was highly significantly positively correlated with MBC, TN, and AN (p < 0.01), significantly positively correlated with q(MBC) and AP (p < 0.05), and significantly negatively correlated with pH (p < 0.05); MBC was highly significantly positively correlated with TN and AN (p < 0.01), significantly positively correlated with q(MBC) and AP (p < 0.05), and significantly correlated with TC pH showed highly significant negative correlations with AN and AP (p < 0.01) and significant negative correlations with TN (p < 0.05). The main conclusion was that along with the duration of reclamation, soil organic carbon and microbial carbon contents accumulated and recovered to different degrees under both land use methods after reclamation, and reasonable agricultural farming activities after reclamation contributed more to the continuous improvement of soil quality

Single underwater image enhancement based on adaptive correction of channel differential and fusion

Clear underwater images are necessary in many underwater applications, while absorption, scattering, and different water conditions will lead to blurring and different color deviations. In order to overcome the limitations of the available color correction and deblurring algorithms, this paper proposed a fusion-based image enhancement method for various water areas. We proposed two novel image processing methods, namely, an adaptive channel deblurring method and a color correction method, by limiting the histogram mapping interval. Subsequently, using these two methods, we took two images from a single underwater image as inputs of the fusion framework. Finally, we obtained a satisfactory underwater image. To validate the effectiveness of the experiment, we tested our method using public datasets. The results showed that the proposed method can adaptively correct color casts and significantly enhance the details and quality of attenuated underwater images

Characterization of loss mechanisms in a fluxonium qubit

Using a fluxonium qubit with in situ tunability of its Josephson energy, we characterize its energy relaxation at different flux biases as well as different Josephson energy values. The relaxation rate at qubit energy values, ranging more than one order of magnitude around the thermal energy $k_B T$, can be quantitatively explained by a combination of dielectric loss and $1/f$ flux noise with a crossover point. The amplitude of the $1/f$ flux noise is consistent with that extracted from the qubit dephasing measurements at the flux sensitive points. In the dielectric loss dominant regime, the loss is consistent with that arises from the electric dipole interaction with two-level-system (TLS) defects. In particular, as increasing Josephson energy thus decreasing qubit frequency at the flux insensitive spot, we find that the qubit exhibits increasingly weaker coupling to TLS defects thus desirable for high-fidelity quantum operations

Quantum Instruction Set Design for Performance

A quantum instruction set is where quantum hardware and software meet. We develop new characterization and compilation techniques for non-Clifford gates to accurately evaluate different quantum instruction set designs. We specifically apply them to our fluxonium processor that supports mainstream instruction $\mathrm{iSWAP}$ by calibrating and characterizing its square root $\mathrm{SQiSW}$. We measure a gate fidelity of up to $99.72\%$ with an average of $99.31\%$ and realize Haar random two-qubit gates using $\mathrm{SQiSW}$ with an average fidelity of $96.38\%$. This is an average error reduction of $41\%$ for the former and a $50\%$ reduction for the latter compared to using $\mathrm{iSWAP}$ on the same processor. This shows designing the quantum instruction set consisting of $\mathrm{SQiSW}$ and single-qubit gates on such platforms leads to a performance boost at almost no cost.Comment: 2 figures in main text and 21 figures in Supplementary Materials. This manuscript subsumes version 1 with significant improvements such as experimental demonstration and materials presentatio